![]() ![]() As noted earlier, problem-focused coping will work only if the individual has some control over the source of the problem. Examples of emotion-focused coping include (a) positive reinterpretation (viewing the stressor in a positive way), (b) denial (refusing to deal with the stressor), and (c) seeking social support for emotional reasons (seeking moral support, reassurance, affirmation). Some types of problem-focused coping strategies include (a) active coping (actually doing something to remove the stressor), (b) planning (thinking about how to cope with the stressor), and (c) seeking social support for emotional reasons (seeking advice and information). Emotion-focused coping efforts are directed at reducing the emotional distress brought on in a given situation (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989). Problem-focused coping involves efforts to remove or alter the source of stress. There are two general types of coping: problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. First, an examination of coping will be provided. Are some strategies more culturally congruent than others? These questions will be explored later in this chapter. The question is what coping strategies are most effective for African Americans. Of relevance here is whether the coping strategies used are appropriate for helping the individual deal with a particular stressor. Coping consists of efforts, both action oriented and intrapsychic, used to manage, reduce, or minimize environmental and internal demands and conflicts (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Coping is defined as the process of managing external and internal demands that are appraised as exceeding the resources of the person. Coping strategies, as in the cases of self-efficacy and psychological control, are conceptualized in this chapter as interpersonal resources that can be used for maximizing adaptive functioning. ![]()
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